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massive compact halo object
Massive astrophysical compact halo object (MACHO) is any kind of astronomical body that might explain the apparent presence of dark matter in galaxy halos. A MACHO is a body composed of normal baryonic matter, which emits little or no radiation and drifts through interstellar space unassociated with any planetary system. Since MACHOs would not emit any light of their own, they would be very hard to detect. MACHOs may sometimes be black holes or neutron stars as well as brown dwarfs or unassociated planets. White dwarfs and very faint red dwarfs have also been proposed as candidate MACHOs. The term was coined by astrophysicist Kim Griest, in contrast to WIMPs, another proposed form of dark matter.
==Detection==
A MACHO may be detected when it passes in front of or nearly in front of a star and the MACHO's gravity bends the light, causing the star to appear brighter in an example of gravitational lensing known as gravitational microlensing. Several groups have searched for MACHOs by searching for the microlensing amplification of light. These groups have ruled out dark matter being explained by MACHOs with mass in the range solar masses (0.3 lunar masses) to 100 solar masses. One group, the MACHO collaboration, claims to have found enough microlensing to predict the existence of many MACHOs with mass of about 0.5 solar masses, enough to make up perhaps 20% of the dark matter in the galaxy.〔C. Alcock et al., (The MACHO Project: Microlensing Results from 5.7 Years of LMC Observations ). Astrophys.J. 542 (2000) 281-307〕
This suggests that MACHOs could be white dwarfs or red dwarfs which have similar masses. However, red and white dwarfs are not completely dark; they do emit some light, and so can be searched for with the Hubble Telescope and with proper motion surveys. These searches have ruled out the possibility that these objects make up a significant fraction of dark matter in our galaxy. Another group, the EROS2 collaboration does not confirm the signal claims by the MACHO group. They did not find enough microlensing effect with a sensitivity higher by a factor 2.〔P. Tisserand et al., (Limits on the Macho Content of the Galactic Halo from the EROS-2 Survey of the Magellanic Clouds ), 2007, Astron. Astrophys. 469, 387-404〕 Observations using the Hubble Space Telescope's NICMOS instrument showed that less than one percent of the halo mass is composed of red dwarfs.〔David Graff and Katherine Freese,
(), Analysis of a hubble space telescope search for red dwarfs: limits on baryonic matter in the galactic halo, Astrophys.J.456:L49,1996.〕〔J. Najita, G. Tiede, and S. Carr, From Stars to Superplanets: The Low-Mass Initial Mass Function in the Young Cluster IC 348. The Astrophysical Journal 541, 1 (2000), 977–1003〕 This corresponds to a negligible fraction of the dark matter halo mass. Therefore, the missing mass problem is not solved by MACHOs.
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